Roles of endothelial cell specific molecule‑1 in tumor angiogenesis (Review)

Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in tumor growth and metastasis, and is heavily influenced by the tumor microenvironment (TME). Endothelial cell dysfunction is a key factor in tumor angiogenesis and is characterized by the aberrant expression of pro-angiogenic factors. Endothelial cell specific molecule-1 (ESM1), also known as endocan, is a marker of endothelial cell dysfunction. Although ESM1 is primarily expressed in normal endothelial cells, dysregulated ESM1 expression has been observed in human tumors and animal tumor models, and implicated in tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis. The precise role of ESM1 in tumor angiogenesis and its potential regulatory mechanisms are not yet conclusively defined. However, the aim of the present review was to explore the involvement of ESM1 in the process of tumor angiogenesis in the TME and the characteristics of neovascularization. In addition, the present review discusses the interaction between ESM1 and angiogenic factors, as well as the mechanisms through which ESM1 contributes to tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, the reciprocal regulation between ESM1 and the TME is explored. Finally, the potential of targeting ESM1 as a therapeutic strategy for tumor angiogenesis is presented.