Bioremediation of hazardous heavy metals by marine microorganisms: a recent review

Heavy metals (HMs) like Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd, and Hg, among others, play a role in several environmental problems. The marine environment is polluted by several contaminants, such as HMs. A variety of physico-chemical methods usually available for sanitation HMs remediation suffer from either limitation. Bioremediation is a promising way of dealing with HMs pollution. Microbes have the ability with various potencies to resist HMs tension. The current review discusses the main sources and influences of HMs, the role of marine microorganisms in HMs bioremediation, as well as the microbial mechanisms for HMs detoxification and transformation. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the bioremediation technologies that are currently available for the removal of HMs ions from industrial and urban effluent by aquatic organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and microalgae, particularly those that are isolated from marine areas. The primary goals are to outline various studies and offer helpful information about the most important aspects of the bioelimination techniques. The biotreatment practices have been primarily divided into three techniques based on this topic. They are biosorption, bioaccumulation, bioleaching, and biotransformation. This article gives the brief view on the research studies about bioremediation of HMs using marine microorganisms. The current review also deals with the critical issues and recent studies based on the HMs biodetoxification using aquatic microorganisms.