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Nuclear Transmutation

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.
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Protons are the new first responders.

Bingxu Liu1

  • 1Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|February 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Human STING protein acts as a channel, significantly advancing our knowledge of the immune system and its intricate defense mechanisms.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • STING (stimulator of interferon genes) is a key protein in innate immunity.
  • Its role in sensing cyclic dinucleotides and initiating immune responses is well-established.
  • However, its precise molecular function beyond signaling has remained elusive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the novel structural and functional properties of human STING.
  • To determine if STING possesses functions beyond its canonical role in immune signaling.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying STING's newly discovered function.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray crystallography was used to determine the high-resolution structure of human STING.
  • Biochemical assays were performed to assess STING's ion channel activity.

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  • Cell-based assays were employed to evaluate the physiological relevance of STING channel function in immune responses.

    • Main Results:

    • Human STING was found to form a functional ion channel in cellular membranes.
    • This channel activity is regulated by STING's activation state and its interaction with cyclic dinucleotides.
    • STING channel function was shown to be critical for the efficient translocation of immune signaling molecules.

    Conclusions:

    • The discovery of STING's ion channel function represents a paradigm shift in understanding innate immunity.
    • This finding opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions targeting STING-mediated immune pathways.
    • STING's dual role as a signaling hub and a channel highlights its complex and multifaceted contribution to host defense.