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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Viral Recombination00:57

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Conjugated Proteins02:50

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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
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Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Updated: Jul 3, 2025

Author Spotlight: A Pseudotype Virus System for Assessing Omicron Subvariants and Neutralizing Antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 Research
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Author Spotlight: A Pseudotype Virus System for Assessing Omicron Subvariants and Neutralizing Antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 Research

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Arming up against Omicron subvariants.

Daniel M Altmann1, Rosemary J Boyton2

  • 1Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.

Cell Host & Microbe
|February 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The COVID-19 Omicron variants evade antibodies, causing breakthrough infections. However, T-cell responses show strong cross-recognition against current variants, offering crucial immune protection.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • COVID-19 Omicron variants rapidly evolve, exhibiting immune evasion properties.
  • Breakthrough infections are prevalent in vaccinated individuals, highlighting the need for broad immunity.
  • Understanding cross-protective immunity is essential for managing evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cross-protective immune responses against emerging COVID-19 Omicron variants.
  • To assess the T-cell repertoire's recognition of current SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of T-cell responses in vaccinated and/or infected individuals.
  • Assessment of immune repertoire cross-recognition against various Omicron sublineages.

Main Results:

  • The primed T-cell repertoire demonstrates robust cross-recognition of currently circulating Omicron variants.
  • T-cells provide a conserved immune defense mechanism against SARS-CoV-2 evolution.

Conclusions:

  • T-cell immunity offers significant cross-protection against evolving COVID-19 Omicron variants.
  • The findings support the importance of T-cell responses in vaccine and therapeutic strategies.