Urinary cytology in diagnostic pathology

In summary, the place of urinary cytology in diagnostic urologic pathology is now established. Recent emphasis on topical chemotherapy for superficial bladder neoplasms has made cytologic examination of urinary specimens essential for good patient care. Renewed interest in the method has resulted in improved preparations and diagnostic criteria. Important pitfalls in cellular analysis have been identified. New technologies, advances in therapy, and changes in classification will require continual adjustments in our approach to urinary cytology and the diagnostic cytopathologist should remain flexible while acquiring expertise in this area.