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Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2025

Characterization of SiN Integrated Optical Phased Arrays on a Wafer-Scale Test Station
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Wide-angle non-uniform optical phased array using compact and efficient antenna design.

Omar E Elsheikh1, Mohamed A Swillam2

  • 1Nanophotonics Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo Avenue, 11835, Cairo Governorate, Egypt. omarelsheikh@aucegypt.edu.

Scientific Reports
|February 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed highly efficient optical antennas for LIDAR, achieving a 160° steering range with a non-uniform array and genetic algorithm optimization. This overcomes previous trade-offs between steering range and resolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics
  • Optical Engineering
  • Antenna Design

Background:

  • Optical phased arrays (OPAs) are crucial for LIDAR, but often face trade-offs between steering range and resolution.
  • Apodized grating antennas offer efficiency, compactness, and wide beams, compatible with silicon photonics.
  • Non-uniform optical phased arrays show promise for enhanced steering range and resolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present highly efficient optical antennas overcoming limitations in current OPA systems.
  • To achieve a wide steering beam with high resolution for LIDAR applications.
  • To demonstrate a compact and efficient OPA solution compatible with CMOS silicon photonics.

Main Methods:

  • Designed and fabricated two highly efficient optical antennas.
  • Utilized a two-dimensional non-uniform array (10x10 elements) to enhance beam steering.
  • Employed a genetic algorithm for optimizing array element positions.

Main Results:

  • Achieved upward power efficiencies of 94% and 93.5% at the center frequency.
  • Obtained wide full-width half maximum beam profiles (e.g., 8.88° x 78.05°).
  • Demonstrated broad bandwidth (1400-1700 nm) with >80% efficiency across S, C, and L bands.
  • Realized an aliasing-free array with a 160° steering range, 0.5° beam width, and -11 dB side lobe level.

Conclusions:

  • The developed optical antennas significantly exceed state-of-the-art performance in efficiency and beam steering.
  • The non-uniform array design optimized by a genetic algorithm effectively expands the steering range while maintaining resolution.
  • This work presents a viable solution for compact, efficient OPAs with wide steering capabilities for LIDAR and other applications.