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Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Migration is long-range, seasonal movement from one region or habitat to another. This common strategy, carried out by many different organisms around the world, is an adaptive response that typically corresponds to changes in an organism’s environment, like resource availability or climate. Migrations can involve huge groups of thousands of animals as well as single individuals traveling alone and can range from thousands of kilometers to just a few hundred meters.
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Updated: Jul 3, 2025

Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells
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Contemporary and historical human migration patterns shape hepatitis B virus diversity.

Barney I Potter1, Marijn Thijssen1, Nídia Sequeira Trovão2

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium.

Virus Evolution
|February 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes A and D originated in Southeast Asia and spread globally, while genotype E emerged in Africa. Understanding these HBV spread patterns is vital for public health responses.

Keywords:
AfricaAfricanHBVancientantiviral therapydispersalevolutiongenome diversitygenotypeimmigrationmigrationoriginphylogeneticsequencesspatio-temporalsubgenotype

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes significant global morbidity and mortality, with 296 million chronic cases and 880,000 annual deaths.
  • HBV genotype distribution varies geographically, influencing disease severity and treatment response, necessitating characterization of spatiotemporal spread for effective public health strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary history and spatiotemporal spread of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes A, D, and E.
  • To analyze newly sequenced HBV strains from African immigrants in Belgium alongside global genomic data.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogeographic reconstruction incorporating 133 newly sequenced African HBV strains.
  • Integration of ancient HBV genomes for genotypes A and D into large-scale global phylogeographic analysis.

Main Results:

  • HBV genotypes A and D show evidence of originating in Southeast Asia and subsequently spreading worldwide.
  • HBV genotype E is estimated to have originated in Africa before disseminating to Europe and the Americas.
  • Distinct spatiotemporal processes were identified for HBV genotypes A, D, and E.

Conclusions:

  • Phylogeographic reconstruction is a valuable tool for understanding recent HBV spatiotemporal dynamics.
  • Tailored support for vulnerable populations is crucial, considering the specific needs associated with different HBV genotypes.