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Related Concept Videos

Antihypertensive Drugs: Direct Renin Inhibitors01:25

Antihypertensive Drugs: Direct Renin Inhibitors

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The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an intricate physiological pathway involving numerous enzymes and hormones, including renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin I and II, and aldosterone. Imbalances within this system increase the production of angiotensin II and aldosterone. Increased angiotensin II levels promote vasoconstriction and blood pressure elevation. Concurrently, higher aldosterone levels stimulate sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys,...
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a vital component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, is abundant in lung endothelial cells. ACE converts the inactive decapeptide, angiotensin I, into the active octapeptide, angiotensin II. This potent vasoconstrictor narrows blood vessels, increasing resistance to blood flow and elevating blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone production, encouraging kidney cells to reabsorb more sodium and water from urine, thereby increasing...
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In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, a hormone called angiotensin II plays a crucial role. It binds to the AT1 receptors in vascular smooth muscles coupled with Gq proteins. The activation of these receptors activates an enzyme called phospholipase C, which releases two molecules: inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. These molecules cause a chain reaction that leads to the phosphorylation of myosin light chains and promotes interaction between actin and myosin, leading to smooth...
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Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

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The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
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Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure01:17

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Endocrinal or hormonal intervention in the cardiovascular system is predominantly exerted by the catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine, as well as a slew of hormones that interact with renal function to modulate blood volume.
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Alternative Renin-Angiotensin System.

Michael Bader1,2,3,4, U Muscha Steckelings5, Natalia Alenina1,2

  • 1Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.B., N.A.).

Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)
|February 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The renin-angiotensin system has a protective arm involving angiotensin-(1-7), Mas, and AT2 receptors. This arm counteracts the classical arm

Keywords:
AT2 receptoralamandinecancerheart failurehomeostasis

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is crucial for cardiovascular homeostasis.
  • Its classical arm, mediated by angiotensin II and the AT1 receptor, increases blood pressure and causes tissue damage.
  • A second, protective arm of the RAS has been identified.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical development and current understanding of the alternative arm of the RAS.
  • To highlight the roles of ACE2, angiotensin-(1-7), Mas, AT2, alamandine, and MrgD.
  • To contrast the protective arm with the classical RAS arm.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of historical and current research on the RAS.
  • Analysis of peptide hormone pathways and receptor interactions.
  • Comparison of the classical and alternative RAS arms.

Main Results:

  • The alternative RAS arm includes angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin-(1-7), Mas receptor, AT2 receptor, alamandine, and Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor D (MrgD).
  • These components counteract the hypertensive and profibrotic effects of the classical RAS arm.
  • The alternative arm plays a protective role in cardiovascular regulation.

Conclusions:

  • The alternative RAS arm, involving ACE2, angiotensin-(1-7), Mas, AT2, alamandine, and MrgD, offers a counter-regulatory mechanism to the classical RAS.
  • Understanding this protective arm is vital for cardiovascular research and potential therapeutic strategies.
  • This review consolidates current knowledge on the alternative RAS pathway.