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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Plants often form mutualistic relationships with soil-dwelling fungi or bacteria to enhance their roots’ nutrient uptake ability. Root-colonizing fungi (e.g., mycorrhizae) increase a plant’s root surface area, which promotes nutrient absorption. While root-colonizing, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., rhizobia) convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), making nitrogen available to plants for various biological functions. For example, nitrogen is essential for the...
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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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Antibiotic Selection00:57

Antibiotic Selection

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Overview
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Plants have the impressive ability to create their own food through photosynthesis. However, plants often require assistance from organisms in the soil to acquire the nutrients they need to function correctly. Both bacteria and fungi have evolved symbiotic relationships with plants that help the species to thrive in a wide variety of environments.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2025

Isolation and Selection of Entomopathogenic Fungi from Soil Samples and Evaluation of Fungal Virulence against Insect Pests
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Protist predation selects for the soil resistome.

Gaofei Jiang1, Chen Liu1, Wu Xiong1

  • 1Key Lab of Organic-based Fertilizers of China, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China.

The ISME Journal
|February 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Predatory protists in soil increase antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), like tetracycline resistance. This natural selection may be less concerning unless ARGs spread to pathogens, necessitating monitoring.

Keywords:
One Healthantibiotic resistanceprotist predationselection pressuresoil bacterial community

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Understanding the natural evolution of antibiotic resistomes is crucial for the One Health approach.
  • Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are prevalent in soil microbial communities.
  • The role of biotic interactions in shaping ARG abundance is an active area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of protist predation on soil microbial communities and their associated antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs).
  • To explore the mechanisms driving the enrichment of ARGs in response to predation pressure.

Main Methods:

  • In situ investigation of soil microbial communities.
  • Analysis of the abundance of specific ARGs, including tetracycline resistance genes, in relation to protist predation.
  • Assessment of the interplay between antibiotic production and resistance within the microbial community.

Main Results:

  • Bacterivorous protists consistently increased the abundance of ARGs, notably tetracycline resistance genes.
  • Predatory selection shapes a balance between antibiotic-producing and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
  • ARG enrichment driven by protist predation may be a natural phenomenon.

Conclusions:

  • Protist predation is a significant factor in the natural evolution of soil antibiotic resistomes.
  • The observed ARG enrichment is potentially less alarming than previously assumed, provided ARGs do not disseminate among pathogens.
  • Continuous monitoring of ARG occurrence, dissemination, and association with pathogenic hosts is essential for combating antibiotic resistance effectively.