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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Structure of quantum supercooled liquids.

Gopika Krishnan1, Upendra Harbola1

  • 1Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.

Physical Review. E
|February 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Quantum supercooled liquids exhibit unique structural changes near the glass transition. Cage volume fluctuations decrease with increasing quantumness, unlike classical liquids.

Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Quantum liquids
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Supercooled liquids show slowed dynamics but stable structures with decreasing temperature.
  • Understanding structural changes is key to explaining liquid-to-glass transitions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate structural features in quantum supercooled liquids using Voronoi polyhedra.
  • To analyze the impact of quantum effects on cage volume and geometry.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Voronoi polyhedra to define and analyze particle cages.
  • Characterized cage volumes and geometries in a quantum supercooled liquid.
  • Varied quantumness to observe changes approaching the glass transition.

Main Results:

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  • Cage volume fluctuations are sensitive to quantum effects, decreasing with increased quantumness.
  • In contrast to classical liquids, cage volumes in quantum systems are sensitive to quantumness.
  • Cage geometry becomes more spherical with increasing quantumness, approaching the glass transition.
  • Strong quantum effects correlate cage geometry with particle position uncertainty asymmetry.

Conclusions:

  • Quantum effects significantly alter structural dynamics in supercooled liquids.
  • Voronoi analysis reveals distinct behaviors in quantum versus classical supercooled liquids.
  • The study highlights the role of quantum mechanics in the glass transition.