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Related Concept Videos

Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

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Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
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A signaling cascade is a series of events that facilitates the transmission of information within or between cells, culminating in a targeted response in the recipient cell. As chemical messengers, hormones are pivotal in initiating and modulating these intricate signaling cascades based on their solubility.
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The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
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Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
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Agonists can bind with and activate receptors, resulting in the formation of drug-receptor complexes. Once formed, these complexes catalyze many biochemical processes at the cellular level and subsequently induce a pharmacologic response. The degree of response is directly proportional to the fraction of activated receptors, which in turn, depends on the concentration of the drug at the receptor site as well as the sensitivity of the receptor. An increase in the administered dose contributes to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2025

Biosynthesis of a Flavonol from a Flavanone by Establishing a One-pot Bienzymatic Cascade
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Flavonoids commonly induce hormetic responses.

Edward J Calabrese1, A Wallace Hayes2, Peter Pressman3

  • 1School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Morrill I-N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA. edwardc@umass.edu.

Archives of Toxicology
|February 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This commentary highlights that flavonoids exhibit hormetic dose responses, showing reduced toxicity and enhanced cell viability against hypochlorite. These findings are based on a re-evaluation of previously published data using the MTT assay.

Keywords:
Biphasic dose responseFlavonoidsHormesisNutritional hormesisPhytoprotection

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Toxicology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Previous research demonstrated that structurally diverse flavonoids reduce hypochlorite-induced toxicity.
  • A consistent biphasic concentration-response relationship was observed for these flavonoids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-interpret previously published findings on flavonoids and hypochlorite toxicity.
  • To identify the concentration-response relationships as consistent with hormesis.

Main Methods:

  • Re-analysis of data from Siwak (Food Chem 141:1227-1241, 2013).
  • Utilized the MTT assay to assess cell viability.
  • Examined data from a pre-conditioning experimental protocol.

Main Results:

  • The concentration-response relationships for 15 flavonoids align with the hormetic dose-response model.
  • Flavonoids demonstrated enhanced cell viability in the presence of hypochlorite.

Conclusions:

  • Flavonoids exhibit hormetic effects, with low doses potentially beneficial and high doses detrimental.
  • This perspective offers a new understanding of flavonoid-induced cellular responses to oxidative stress.