Multi-scale simulations of pulmonary airflow based on a coupled 3D-1D-0D model

Pulmonary airflow simulation is a valuable tool for studying respiratory function and disease. However, the respiratory system is a complex multiscale system that involves various physical and biological processes across different spatial and temporal scales. In this study, we propose a 3D-1D-0D multiscale method for simulating pulmonary airflow, which integrates different levels of detail and complexity of the respiratory system. The method consists of three components: a 3D computational fluid dynamics model for the airflow in the trachea and bronchus, a 1D pipe model for the airflow in the terminal bronchioles, and a 0D biphasic mixture model for the airflow in the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli coupled with the lung deformation. The coupling between the different components is achieved by satisfying the mass and momentum conservation law and the pressure continuity condition at the interfaces. We demonstrate the validity and applicability of our method by comparing the results with data of previous models. We also investigate the reduction in inhaled air volume due to the pulmonary fibrosis using the developed multiscale model. Our method provides a comprehensive and realistic framework for simulating pulmonary airflow and can potentially facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory diseases.