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Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...

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Building Semipermeable Films One Monomer at a Time: Structural Advantages via Molecular Layer Deposition vs

Brian C Welch1,2, Emma N Antonio2, Thomas P Chaney2

  • 1Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.

Chemistry of Materials : a Publication of the American Chemical Society
|February 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Molecular layer deposition (MLD) creates precise nanofilms for membranes. MLD-fabricated films show denser structures and improved salt rejection compared to traditional methods, offering a new path for advanced membrane technology.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Molecular Layer Deposition (MLD) enables precise, layer-by-layer synthesis of polymer nanofilms.
  • Interfacial polymerization (IP) is a conventional method for creating polyamide membranes for water treatment.
  • Understanding the structure-property relationships of MLD-synthesized membranes is crucial for optimizing performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the structural, chemical, and morphological characteristics of MLD-fabricated polyamide membranes with commercial IP membranes.
  • To investigate the MLD process for synthesizing selective layers for desalination and nanofiltration.
  • To elucidate the structure-performance relationships in MLD-based membranes.

Main Methods:

  • Molecular Layer Deposition (MLD) was used to synthesize polyamide films using N,N'-1,3-phenylenediamine (MPD) and piperazine (PIP) with trimesoyl chloride (TMC).
  • Techniques including ellipsometry, X-ray reflectivity, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering were employed for characterization.
  • Comparison was made with membranes fabricated using conventional interfacial polymerization (IP).

Main Results:

  • MLD produced dense, conformal polyamide films with controlled growth rates (2.9 Å/cycle for MPD-TMC, 1.5 Å/cycle for PIP-TMC) at 115 °C.
  • MPD-TMC MLD films exhibited enhanced salt rejection and reduced flux due to their dense structure, with a stable growth temperature window from 115 to 150 °C.
  • MLD PIP-TMC films showed a hydrophobic bulk structure, ideal for water flux, with distinct structural features (d-spacing of 5.0 Å) compared to MPD-TMC (3.8 Å).

Conclusions:

  • MLD offers a precise method for fabricating dense and conformal polyamide nanofilms for water purification membranes.
  • The MLD process allows for tailored membrane structures, leading to improved performance characteristics like salt rejection and water flux.
  • This study provides foundational insights into MLD for membrane fabrication and structure-performance relationships.