Overlapping between squamous cell carcinoma and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in a diabetic patient

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) is a leishmania infection; that usually affects the oral and nasal mucosa. The coexistence of leishmania and malignancy is rarely reported and mainly in immunocompromised patients. We report a case of an overlapping between leishmania and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in a 60-year-old immunocompetent Syrian female. The patient presented with a one-year crusty nodule on the lower lip. Since she lives in an endemic region, leishmaniasis was suggested, and confirmed with a Giemsa-stained smear. After 20 days of meglumine antimoniate treatment, the patient revealed no signs of recovery, thus, the treatment was prolonged with the addition of sodium stibogluconate injections. Later, she presented with increased symptoms. A biopsy was performed due to SCC suspicion, and it was verified. The patient underwent complete surgical removal of the lesion. After a one-year follow-up, no recurrence was observed. We illustrated the importance of considering SCC in cases of refractory leishmaniasis.