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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
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Carborane-Containing Polymers: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications.

Xinyi Zhang1, Louis M Rendina1,2, Markus Müllner3,2

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This review explores carborane-containing polymers, highlighting their synthesis and diverse applications. These boron clusters offer unique properties for advanced materials and biomedical uses.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Boron Chemistry

Background:

  • Carboranes are icosahedral carbon-boron clusters with unique properties.
  • These properties can enhance polymers with heat resistance, tunable electronics, and hydrophobicity.
  • Carboranes also exhibit dihydrogen bonding and thermal neutron capture capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review synthesis strategies for carborane-containing polymers.
  • To highlight the diverse potential applications of these advanced materials.
  • To showcase the versatility of carboranes in polymeric systems.

Main Methods:

  • Focuses on step-growth polymerization of disubstituted carborane monomers.
  • Includes recent advancements in chain-growth polymerizations (ATRP, RAFT, ROMP) of monosubstituted carboranes.
  • Reviews established and emerging synthetic routes.

Main Results:

  • Carborane-containing polymers demonstrate enhanced heat resistance and tunable electronic properties.
  • Applications include harsh-environment materials, ceramic precursors, and fluorescent materials.
  • Potential uses as BNCT agents and drug carriers with low cytotoxicity are explored.

Conclusions:

  • Carborane-containing polymers offer a versatile platform for developing advanced materials.
  • Their unique properties enable applications ranging from optoelectronics to biomedicine.
  • Further research into synthesis and applications promises significant advancements.