Temporal changes in micronutrient intake among United States Adults, NHANES 2003 through 2018: A cross-sectional
Marjorie R Freedman1, Victor L Fulgoni2, Harris R Lieberman3
1Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, United States.
Background:
Changes in the United States food supply and food choices make examination of temporal changes in micronutrient intake and their effect on meeting nutrient recommendations necessary.
Objectives:
This study aimed to examine 15-year trends of the contribution of foods and beverages (FB) and dietary supplements (DSs) to meeting nutrient recommendations among United States adults aged 19 y or older and compare usual mean intake distributions of FB alone with those of FB+DSs with dietary reference intakes [percentage below the estimated average requirement (%
Methods:
This cross-sectional study used food, beverage, and DSs intake data from NHANES 2003-2018 (N = 39,925) to determine usual mean intakes for 21 micronutrients. Changes in intakes from FB and from FB+DSs, by sex, were compared in a time-trend analysis of 2-y cycles. Changes in mean intake as %
Results:
Over the time studied, United States adults underconsumed vitamins A, C, D, E, and K; calcium; potassium; magnesium; and choline, even when DSs intake was included. Sodium was overconsumed. In males, there were significant increases in %
Conclusions:
Although some progress has been made, nutrient intake and percentage of the population meeting nutritional recommendations among United States adults has changed little over the 15 y studied.
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