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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

293
The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
293
Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

527
The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
527
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

339
Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
339
Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral01:25

Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral

1.9K
The administration of drugs via parenteral routes allows for direct drug introduction into the systemic circulation, resulting in high bioavailability because the medication bypasses the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metabolism.
The intravenous route (IV) of drug administration can be further categorized into two types. The bolus injection administers the entire dose rapidly, while an intravenous infusion slowly delivers smaller doses steadily.
The IV route is often...
1.9K
Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport01:23

Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport

524
Drugs need to permeate cell membranes to reach their target sites after administration. Orally administered drugs must transcend intestinal epithelial membrane barriers to infiltrate the systemic circulation. Drugs with a molecular weight of less than 500 Daltons diffuse through gaps between neighboring cells, called paracellular pathways.
However, most drugs use the transcellular route, traversing directly through the cell membranes via two mechanisms: passive and active transport. Passive...
524
Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

451
The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
451

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2025

Construction and Implantation of a Microinfusion System for Sustained Delivery of Neuroactive Agents.
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Recent Progress in Implantable Drug Delivery Systems.

Guang-Qin He1,2, Haimei Li1,2, Junyi Liu3

  • 1Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|February 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Intelligent implantable drug delivery systems (IDDSs) offer controlled, personalized medication release. This review details stimulus-responsive mechanisms and system types, analyzing challenges and future directions for advanced IDDS development.

Keywords:
controlled releasedrug deliveryimplantableresponse mechanismstimulus‐responsive

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Implantable drug delivery systems (IDDSs) are crucial for controlled medication release.
  • Patient adherence and therapeutic efficacy are enhanced by precise temporal and spatial drug delivery.
  • Intelligent IDDSs offer patient-controlled or automated drug administration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review stimulus-responsive mechanisms for intelligent IDDS.
  • To survey recent advancements in various IDDS types.
  • To analyze IDDS advantages, disadvantages, and future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of endogenous and exogenous stimulus-responsive mechanisms (pH, ROS, light, sound, etc.).
  • Survey of recent IDDS technologies, including closed-loop and self-powered systems.
  • Analysis of IDDS performance, limitations, and potential solutions.

Main Results:

  • IDDSs provide controlled, continuous, and localized drug delivery, reducing side effects.
  • Stimulus-responsive mechanisms (endogenous and exogenous) enable tailored drug release.
  • Various intelligent IDDS designs, including RF-controlled and closed-loop systems, have been developed.

Conclusions:

  • Intelligent IDDSs represent a significant advancement in personalized medicine.
  • Addressing current bottlenecks is key to realizing the full potential of IDDSs.
  • Further research is needed to optimize IDDS performance and clinical translation.