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Related Concept Videos

Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

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The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle...
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Proliferative Phase01:20

Proliferative Phase

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The proliferative phase typically occurs after menstruation and lasts between 6 to 13 days in a standard 28-day cycle. This phase involves the reconstruction of the endometrium, guided by estrogen produced by the developing ovarian follicle.
Notably, the stratum basale, the basal layer of the endometrium, including the basal parts of the uterine glands, remains unaffected by menstruation. Stem cells in this layer undergo mitosis, regenerating the stratum functionalis and thickening the...
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Secretory Phase01:19

Secretory Phase

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The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, spanning from day 14 to 28 in a typical 28-day cycle, is a period of significant physiological changes in the female reproductive system. This phase commences immediately after ovulation and is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium for potential embryo implantation.
Following ovulation, the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure, produces progesterone and estrogens. These hormones stimulate the growth and coiling of endometrial...
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Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

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The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

385
The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

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The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
In males, testosterone is the primary gonadal androgen. It plays a central role in the maturation of male reproductive organs — the penis and testes. Additionally, testosterone is instrumental in the development of secondary sexual characteristics — a deep voice as well as facial and pubic hair...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2025

Methods for Studying Uterine Contributions to Pregnancy Establishment in an Ovariectomized Mouse Model
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Methods for Studying Uterine Contributions to Pregnancy Establishment in an Ovariectomized Mouse Model

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Luteal Phase Defects and Progesterone Supplementation.

Lucas C Collins1, Luke A Gatta2, Sarah K Dotters-Katz3

  • 1Medical Student (MS2), Duke University School of Medicine, 201 Trent Drive, Durham, NC.

Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey
|February 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Luteal phase defect (LPD) may contribute to recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), but its role is unclear. Progesterone supplementation for LPD and RPL lacks consistent evidence and should be used cautiously.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Infertility Research

Background:

  • Luteal phase defects (LPDs), characterized by insufficient progesterone production, are a suspected cause of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL).
  • The exact contribution of LPD to RPL and the efficacy of progesterone supplementation remain subjects of debate and require further clarification.

Conclusions:

  • The link between LPD and RPL is challenged by inconsistent data, necessitating a thorough workup for alternative etiologies in affected patients.
  • Exogenous progesterone therapy for LPD and RPL should be approached with caution, ideally within research settings or after comprehensive patient counseling due to inconsistent supporting evidence.