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Isolation, Fixation and Characterization of Juvenile Gilthead Seabream Head Kidney Leukocytes by Flow Cytometry

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Are fish immunocompetent enough to face climate change?

Andrea Franke^1,2, Anne Beemelmanns³, Joanna J Miest^4,5

¹Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.

Biology Letters

|February 20, 2024

Summary

Climate change negatively impacts fish immunity, increasing disease outbreaks. More research is needed on multiple environmental stressors and epigenetic factors to predict future fish health.

Keywords:

disease epigenetics hypoxia immune response multiple environmental stressors temperature

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Area of Science:

* Environmental science and ecotoxicology.
* Focus on aquatic animal health and immunology.

Background:

* Climate change is linked to increased fish disease outbreaks globally.
* Teleost fish populations face rising threats from changing environmental conditions.
* Ecoimmunology examines how environmental factors affect immune systems.

Purpose of the Study:

* To review current knowledge on climate change impacts on teleost ecoimmunology.
* To assess the effects of temperature, hypoxia, salinity, and acidification on fish immunity.
* To explore interactive effects of multiple environmental stressors.

Main Methods:

* Comprehensive literature review of climate change and fish immunity studies.
* Analysis of research on individual stressors (temperature, hypoxia, salinity, acidification).
* Evaluation of studies on multi-stressor interactions and epigenetic regulation.

Main Results:

* Temperature and dissolved oxygen changes compromise fish immunity and increase disease susceptibility.
* Temperature and hypoxia can enhance pathogen infectivity and disease progression.
* Limited data exists for acidification and salinity effects; multi-stressor studies are scarce.
* Epigenetic mechanisms show acclimation potential, but require more research.

Conclusions:

* Climate change poses a significant threat to fish immune function and health.
* Current research is insufficient to predict the full impact of combined environmental stressors.
* Further studies on realistic climate scenarios and epigenetic regulation are crucial for fish health management.