Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Naturalistic Observations

Naturalistic Observations

If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Roadmap on advances in visual and physiological optics.

Journal of optics (2010)·2025

Same author

Radiometric and safety assessment of a 'low-level red-light' myopia control device.

Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)·2025

Same author

Off-axis imagery through two multi-segment lenses for myopia treatment.

Biomedical optics express·2025

Same author

Predicting patient-reported quality of vision through multifocal optics.

Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)·2025

Same author

Accommodative behaviour and retinal defocus of children during prolonged viewing of electronic devices while wearing dual-focus myopia control soft contact lenses.

Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)·2025

Same author

Optical characterisation and vision quality assessment of two myopia control contact lenses.

Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)·2025

Same journal

Mesopic Illumination in Natural Environments: Implications for Myopia Research.

Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)·2026

Same journal

Axial Length Growth Reference Curves and LMS Parameters for Japanese Children and Adolescents Aged 4-20 Years: The TMM BirThree Cohort Study.

Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)·2026

Same journal

Effect of Switching Myopia Control Strategies on Axial Elongation in Children with Poor Response to Highly Aspherical Lenslet Therapy.

Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)·2026

Same journal

Quantifying the Role of Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration and Age in Night Vision Disturbances.

Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)·2026

Same journal

Impaired Rod-Mediated Vision is the Functional Hallmark of Ageing and Early and Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)·2026

Same journal

Analytical Performance, Spatial Dynamics and Clinically Meaningful Change Thresholds for Automated Non-invasive Tear Film Assessment Using the Oculus Keratograph 5M.

Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2025

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children's Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children's Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior

Published on: November 14, 2018

Digital device viewing behaviour in children.

Josh Richards¹, Matt Jaskulski^1,2, Martin Rickert¹

¹Indiana University School of Optometry, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.

Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)

|February 21, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Children

Keywords:

accommodation myopia reading viewing distance

More Related Videos

A View of Their Own: Capturing the Egocentric View of Infants and Toddlers with Head-Mounted Cameras

A View of Their Own: Capturing the Egocentric View of Infants and Toddlers with Head-Mounted Cameras

Published on: October 5, 2018

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos

Published on: December 7, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 2, 2025

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children's Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children's Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior

Published on: November 14, 2018

A View of Their Own: Capturing the Egocentric View of Infants and Toddlers with Head-Mounted Cameras

A View of Their Own: Capturing the Egocentric View of Infants and Toddlers with Head-Mounted Cameras

Published on: October 5, 2018

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos

Published on: December 7, 2018

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Pediatric Eye Health
Digital Device Usage

Background:

Habitual viewing behavior is a suspected factor in myopia onset and progression.
Task-specific viewing distances may influence myopia development.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify habitual viewing distances of children using smartphones for various tasks.
To investigate the relationship between viewing distance, tasks, and refractive status.

Main Methods:

Measured real-time smartphone viewing distances in 38 children using specialized software (MyopiaApp).
Assessed five tasks: gaming, video (light/dark), and reading (small/large text).
Employed ANCOVA to analyze the effects of task, refractive group, and arm length.

Main Results:

No significant correlation between arm length and viewing distance across tasks.
Viewing distance did not significantly differ between tasks or refractive groups (myopic vs. non-myopic).
Individual differences accounted for 60% of the variance in viewing distance.

Conclusions:

Average smartphone viewing distances were consistent across tasks in children.
Arm length, age, and refractive group did not significantly influence viewing distance.
High inter-individual variability in viewing distance was observed in both myopic and non-myopic children.