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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
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Diversity, origin, and evolution of the ESCRT systems.

Kira S Makarova1, Victor Tobiasson1, Yuri I Wolf1

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The last archaeal common ancestor had a complex Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT) system involved in protein sorting. This system evolved differently in various archaeal groups, with Asgard archaea developing a connection to the ubiquitin system.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) are crucial for eukaryotic membrane organization and protein sorting.
  • Homologs of ESCRT components are found in archaea, particularly in Asgardarchaeota, the closest known archaeal relatives to eukaryotes.
  • The evolutionary history and full extent of ESCRT systems in archaea remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively search for ESCRT protein homologs across archaea.
  • To reconstruct the evolutionary trajectory of ESCRT systems using phylogenetic analysis and structural comparisons.
  • To elucidate the ancestral state and diversification of ESCRT complexes in archaea.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis of Vps4 ATPase (ESCRT IV) to scaffold ESCRT evolution reconstruction.
  • Sensitive protein sequence analysis to identify known and novel ESCRT homologs.
  • Comparison of structural models to identify functionally similar domains across archaeal groups.

Main Results:

  • Identified diverse ESCRT systems in archaea outside Asgard, including proteins resembling ESCRT-I and ESCRT-II, suggesting an early origin.
  • Discovered distant CdvA protein homologs in Thermoproteales, potentially involved in their cell division.
  • Reconstructed an evolutionary scenario where the last archaeal common ancestor possessed a complex ESCRT system for protein sorting.

Conclusions:

  • The last archaeal common ancestor likely had a sophisticated ESCRT system for protein sorting.
  • ESCRT evolution in archaea diverged, with simplification in TACK and complexification in Asgardarchaeota.
  • Asgardarchaeota established an ESCRT-ubiquitin system connection, previously thought to be a eukaryotic-specific trait.