Difference in clinical presentation and their significance in oral squamous cell carcinoma: A retrospective analysis

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains the most common cancer among Indian men. OSCC involving the tongue and bucco alveolar complex (BAC) behaves differently. Nevertheless, the differences in clinical features and symptoms between the two subsites and their relation to pathology remain largely unexplored.

The study compared various clinical parameters and pathological factors between tongue cancer patients and patients with BAC cancer.

Among 474 patients, 232 had tongue cancer and 242 had BAC cancer. Except for the ulcer, 30% of patients with OSCC were asymptomatic at presentation. Compared to tongue cancers, lesions confined to BAC present at an advanced stage (P = 0.006). Multivariate analysis showed that dysphagia in tongue cancer (P = 0.020) and external swelling or lesion in BAC cancers (P = 0.002) were significant predictors of an advanced stage of the disease. On histopathology, perineural invasion (PNI) was significantly associated with tongue (P = 0.008) compared to BAC cancers (P = 0.015). Cancers of the tongue with pain and referred otalgia had a significantly higher depth of invasion (DOI), compared to those without pain (DOI - no pain 6.9 mm, pain 9.9 mm, and referred otalgia 11.4 mm).

Patients with OSCC present late and in an advanced stage of the disease. Among tongue cancers, clinical history of pain was significantly associated with DOI and PNI, the significance of which needs to be prospectively analyzed. Clinical history in OSCC can be used as predicting factor for an advanced pathological stage of the disease. It also had an influence on various pathological characters, which is subsite specific.