Calcium Signaling in Airway Epithelial Cells: Current Understanding and Implications for Inflammatory Airway Disease

Airway epithelial cells play an indispensable role in protecting the lung from inhaled pathogens and allergens by releasing an array of mediators that orchestrate inflammatory and immune responses when confronted with harmful environmental triggers. While this process is undoubtedly important for containing the effects of various harmful insults, dysregulation of the inflammatory response can cause lung diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis. A key cellular mechanism that underlies the inflammatory responses in the airway is calcium signaling, which stimulates the production and release of chemokines, cytokines, and prostaglandins from the airway epithelium. In this review, we discuss the role of major Ca²⁺ signaling pathways found in airway epithelial cells and their contributions to airway inflammation, mucociliary clearance, and surfactant production. We highlight the importance of store-operated Ca²⁺ entry as a major signaling hub in these processes and discuss therapeutic implications of targeting Ca²⁺ signaling for airway inflammation.