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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
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Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Mitochondria

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
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The Electron Transport Chain

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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
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Experimental Protocol for Detecting Mitochondrial Function in Hepatocytes Exposed to Organochlorine Pesticides
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Effects of carotenoids on mitochondrial dysfunction.

Opeyemi Stella Ademowo1, Olubukola Oyebode1, Roshita Edward1

  • 1Biomedical and Clinical Science Research, School of Sciences, University of Derby, Derby U.K.

Biochemical Society Transactions
|February 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Oxidative stress contributes to age-related diseases like Alzheimer's by causing mitochondrial dysfunction. Carotenoids, with their antioxidant properties, show promise in protecting mitochondria and developing new treatments.

Keywords:
astaxanthincarotenoidsmitochondriaoxidative stressreactive oxygen species

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Oxidative stress, an imbalance favoring pro-oxidants, increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, often from mitochondria.
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction and increased ROS are linked to age-related diseases like Alzheimer's and metabolic disorders.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes current research on carotenoids' effects on mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Focuses on the antioxidant properties of carotenoids and their potential to mitigate oxidative damage.

Key Points:

  • Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in Alzheimer's disease pathology due to accumulated oxidative damage.
  • Carotenoids, accumulating in mitochondria, possess antioxidant capacities that may counteract ROS.
  • Understanding carotenoid's role in mitochondrial function is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Carotenoids may protect mitochondria, offering a promising therapeutic avenue for age-related diseases.
  • Targeting mitochondrial ROS is an emerging strategy in drug development for neurodegenerative and metabolic conditions.