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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2025

Vasodilation of Isolated Vessels and the Isolation of the Extracellular Matrix of Tight-skin Mice
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Emerging therapeutic targets in systemic sclerosis.

Steven O'Reilly1

  • 1Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UK. stevenoreilly@hotmail.com.

Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin, Germany)
|February 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) involves vascular issues, inflammation, and fibrosis. This review explores new pathways and targeted therapies, including repurposed drugs, to address the unmet need for treating SSc fibrosis.

Keywords:
AnifrolumabRiociguatSystemic sclerosis

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology
  • Fibrosis Research

Background:

  • Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by vascular damage, inflammation, and fibrosis.
  • Current treatments do not effectively target the fibrotic component, representing a significant unmet medical need.
  • Recent research has identified complex, aberrant molecular pathways involved in SSc pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging evidence on perturbed molecular pathways in systemic sclerosis.
  • To explore the potential of targeting these pathways with novel or repurposed drugs.
  • To address the challenge of treating intractable SSc fibrosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on systemic sclerosis.
  • Analysis of pre-clinical animal models investigating targeted pathway inhibition.
  • Examination of potential therapeutic strategies for SSc.

Main Results:

  • Multiple aberrant signaling pathways, particularly inflammatory ones, have been identified in SSc.
  • Pre-clinical studies show proof of concept for targeting these pathways with inhibitors.
  • Repurposed drugs show promise for targeting identified signaling systems.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting specific perturbed pathways offers a promising strategy for SSc treatment.
  • Repurposed drugs may provide effective therapeutic options for SSc fibrosis.
  • Further clinical trials are warranted to validate these targeted approaches for systemic sclerosis.