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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
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Nonlinear spin-orbit coupling in optical thin films.

Domenico de Ceglia1,2, Laure Coudrat3, Iännis Roland4

  • 1CNIT and Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy. domenico.deceglia@unibs.it.

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|February 22, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers demonstrated tunable vortex beam generation using nonlinear spin-orbit interactions in thin films. This method, utilizing aluminum gallium arsenide, can create vector vortex beams for advanced communications and sensing applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Materials Science
  • Nonlinear Optics

Background:

  • Tunable generation of vortex beams is crucial for applications in communications and sensing.
  • Nonlinear optical phenomena in materials enable advanced light manipulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the feasibility of nonlinear spin-orbit interactions for generating tunable vortex beams.
  • To experimentally validate theoretical predictions in a practical material system.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing thin films with second-order nonlinear susceptibility.
  • Investigating nonlinear tensor mixing of pump field components.
  • Experimentally performing second-harmonic generation in aluminum gallium arsenide.

Main Results:

  • Nonlinear spin-orbit interactions were successfully demonstrated in aluminum gallium arsenide thin films.
  • The nonlinear tensor was shown to mix longitudinal and transverse pump field components.
  • Vector vortex beams of second-harmonic light were produced from circularly-polarized Gaussian beams.

Conclusions:

  • Nonlinear thin films can be effectively used to generate vector vortex beams.
  • Aluminum gallium arsenide is a viable material platform for active, nonlinear, and quantum photonic devices.
  • This work advances the capabilities for creating tailored light beams for specialized applications.