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Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder01:30

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

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A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
Diagnostic Criteria and...
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Conduct Disorder01:28

Conduct Disorder

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Conduct disorder is a complex mental health diagnosis characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates societal norms, the rights of others, or age-appropriate rules. The diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder require the presence of at least three problematic behaviors within the past 12 months, with at least one occurring in the past six months. These behaviors are grouped into four categories: aggression toward people and animals; destruction of property;...
35
Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

92
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
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CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids

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CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its...
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder01:30

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

135
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic condition characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for at least six months, significantly interfering with daily functioning. Unlike situational anxiety, which arises in response to specific stressors, GAD often occurs without a clear cause. Individuals may experience disproportionate worry about work, health, or relationships. For instance, a person might continuously fear poor health despite normal medical evaluations or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2025

Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Stephen V Faraone1, Mark A Bellgrove2, Isabell Brikell3,4,5

  • 1Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, Norton College of Medicine at SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA. svfaraone@upstate.edu.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
|February 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition with genetic roots. While not curable, evidence-based treatments effectively manage ADHD symptoms and improve functioning.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), also known as hyperkinetic disorder, is a prevalent global neurodevelopmental condition.
  • Its etiology is primarily genetic, involving both common and rare genetic variants, though environmental factors are also studied.
  • ADHD presents heterogeneously with diverse symptoms, co-occurring conditions, neurocognitive impairments, and subtle brain differences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of ADHD, encompassing its etiology, presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.
  • To highlight the current understanding of ADHD as a complex neurodevelopmental disorder.
  • To discuss the ongoing research directions for personalized approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on ADHD genetics, environmental correlates, and clinical presentation.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria reliability and validity.
  • Evaluation of evidence-based pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment outcomes.

Main Results:

  • ADHD is a genetically influenced neurodevelopmental disorder with significant heterogeneity.
  • Standard diagnostic criteria provide reliable and valid ADHD assessment.
  • While no cure exists, treatments significantly reduce symptoms and functional impairment.

Conclusions:

  • Evidence-based treatments, including medications and non-pharmacological interventions, are crucial for managing ADHD.
  • Ongoing research aims to develop personalized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for ADHD.
  • ADHD management focuses on symptom reduction and functional improvement rather than a cure.