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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography EEG, Electromyography EMG, and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

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Gait patterns during overground and virtual omnidirectional treadmill walking.

Morgan McGrath Lewis^1,2, Colin Waltz³, Logan Scelina³

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. mkm126@case.edu.

Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation

|February 22, 2024

Summary

Walking on omnidirectional treadmills (ODTs) in virtual reality (VR) is similar to natural walking but slower with shorter steps. A handrail reduces gait variability on ODTs.

Keywords:

Gait Kinematics Locomotion Omnidirectional treadmill Virtual reality

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Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Virtual Reality
Human Locomotion

Background:

Omnidirectional treadmills (ODTs) are a potential solution for virtual reality (VR) locomotion challenges, aiming to reduce sensory mismatches that cause VR sickness.
The impact of ODTs on gait biomechanics remains largely unexplored.
This study investigates differences between overground and ODT walking and turning in healthy adults.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare gait biomechanics during overground walking and turning versus walking and turning on an ODT.
To assess the effect of a stability handrail on ODT gait parameters.
To understand the fundamental differences in human locomotion between real and virtual environments.

Main Methods:

Fifteen healthy young adults participated in the study.
Participants performed forward walking, 180°, and 360° turns under three conditions: overground, ODT without a handrail, and ODT with a handrail.
Three-dimensional optical motion capture was used to collect kinematic data for all walking trials.

Main Results:

Gait speed was significantly slower on the ODT compared to overground walking.
When gait speed was controlled, ODT walking exhibited shorter step lengths and increased step length variability.
Turning on the ODT required more steps and slower rotational speeds; a handrail reduced gait variability on the ODT.

Conclusions:

ODT walking closely mimics natural gait patterns, with notable differences in slower speed and shorter steps, likely due to the novelty of the virtual environment.
These findings suggest a more cautious gait strategy when navigating virtual spaces on ODTs.
Future research should explore ODT use in older adults and individuals with neurological conditions.