Origin of the 6/5/6/5 Tetracyclic Cyclopiazonic Acids

The natural product α-cyclopiazonic acid (α-CPA) is a very potent Ca²⁺-ATPase inhibitor. The CPA family of compounds comprise over 80 chemical entities with at least five distinct skeletons. While α-CPA features a canonical 6/5/6/5/5 skeleton, the 6/5/6/5 skeleton is the most prevalent among the CPA family. However, the origin of the unique tetracyclic skeleton remains unknown. The 6/5/6/5-type CPAs may derive from a precursor of acetoacetyl-l-tryptophan (AATrp) generated from a hypothetic thioesterase-like pathway. Alternatively, cleavage of the tetramic acid ring would also result in the formation of the 6/5/6/5 scaffold. Aspergillus oryzae HMP-F28 is a marine sponge-associated filamentous fungus known to produce CPAs that act as primary neurotoxins. To elucidate the origin of this subfamily of CPAs, we performed homologous recombination and genetic engineering experiments on strain HMP-F28. Our results are supportive of the ring cleavage pathway through which the tetracyclic 6/5/6/5-type CPAs are generated from 6/5/6/5/5-type pentacyclic CPAs.