Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

385
The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
385
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

361
The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
361
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

502
The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
502
Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

270
The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
270
The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

828
The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a...
828
Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

63.7K
In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
63.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Ischemic Placental Disease and Hospitalization for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders.

American journal of obstetrics and gynecology·2026
Same author

Molecular mechanisms regulating cGAS/STING activation in health and disease.

The Journal of clinical investigation·2026
Same author

Development of Dried Blood Spot Proficiency Testing Materials for Newborn Screening of Lysosomal Diseases Using Recombinant Enzymes.

International journal of neonatal screening·2026
Same author

Endoscopic vs. Operative Management of Acute Esophageal Perforation: A 21-Year Experience at a High-Volume Referral Center.

Seminars in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery·2026
Same author

Reprogramming of TLR-Ferroptosis Signaling and Immunometabolic Pathways Overcomes Myeloid Suppression to Improve Checkpoint Blockade in Prostate Cancer.

Cancer research·2026
Same author

Infertility treatment is associated with peripartum hysterectomy: a population-based cross-sectional study.

Fertility and sterility·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2025

Ex Vivo Method for Assessing the Mouse Reproductive Tract Spontaneous Motility and a MATLAB-based Uterus Motion Tracking Algorithm for Data Analysis
06:22

Ex Vivo Method for Assessing the Mouse Reproductive Tract Spontaneous Motility and a MATLAB-based Uterus Motion Tracking Algorithm for Data Analysis

Published on: September 1, 2019

9.0K

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Associated With Hormonal Contraception.

Sarina Schrager1, Kelita Fox2, Rachel Lee2

  • 1University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.

American Family Physician
|February 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Abnormal uterine bleeding is common with hormonal contraception. This guide offers treatment algorithms for various methods, including intrauterine devices and implants, to reduce discontinuation and unintended pregnancies.

More Related Videos

Rodent Estrous Cycle Monitoring Utilizing Vaginal Lavage: No Such Thing As a Normal Cycle
09:05

Rodent Estrous Cycle Monitoring Utilizing Vaginal Lavage: No Such Thing As a Normal Cycle

Published on: August 30, 2021

7.4K
Herbs-Partitioned Moxibustion on the Navel in a Rat Model of Primary Dysmenorrhea with Cold Coagulation and Blood Stasis
05:36

Herbs-Partitioned Moxibustion on the Navel in a Rat Model of Primary Dysmenorrhea with Cold Coagulation and Blood Stasis

Published on: October 4, 2024

509

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 2, 2025

Ex Vivo Method for Assessing the Mouse Reproductive Tract Spontaneous Motility and a MATLAB-based Uterus Motion Tracking Algorithm for Data Analysis
06:22

Ex Vivo Method for Assessing the Mouse Reproductive Tract Spontaneous Motility and a MATLAB-based Uterus Motion Tracking Algorithm for Data Analysis

Published on: September 1, 2019

9.0K
Rodent Estrous Cycle Monitoring Utilizing Vaginal Lavage: No Such Thing As a Normal Cycle
09:05

Rodent Estrous Cycle Monitoring Utilizing Vaginal Lavage: No Such Thing As a Normal Cycle

Published on: August 30, 2021

7.4K
Herbs-Partitioned Moxibustion on the Navel in a Rat Model of Primary Dysmenorrhea with Cold Coagulation and Blood Stasis
05:36

Herbs-Partitioned Moxibustion on the Navel in a Rat Model of Primary Dysmenorrhea with Cold Coagulation and Blood Stasis

Published on: October 4, 2024

509

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Contraception
  • Gynecology

Background:

  • Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a frequent side effect of hormonal contraception.
  • AUB can lead to method discontinuation and unintended pregnancies.
  • Effective management strategies are crucial for continued contraceptive use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide clinicians with evidence-based algorithms for managing AUB in users of various hormonal contraceptives.
  • To offer specific treatment recommendations tailored to different contraceptive methods.
  • To improve patient adherence to contraception by addressing bleeding concerns.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of current literature on AUB management with hormonal contraception.
  • Development of clinical algorithms for specific contraceptive methods: levonorgestrel intrauterine devices (IUDs), depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), progestin implants, progestin-only pills (POPs), and combined hormonal contraception (CHC).
  • Inclusion of treatment options such as NSAIDs, estradiol, combined oral contraceptives, and adjustments to pill regimens or hormone-free intervals.

Main Results:

  • Specific management strategies are outlined for different hormonal contraceptive types.
  • For levonorgestrel IUDs: ensure correct placement, consider NSAIDs first-line, then estradiol.
  • For DMPA/implants: combined oral contraceptives or NSAIDs may be used. For norethindrone POPs: switching to drospirenone POPs may help. For CHC: adjust estrogen dose, hormone-free interval, or consider doxycycline. For continuous CHC: implement a hormone-free interval.

Conclusions:

  • Tailored treatment algorithms can effectively manage AUB associated with hormonal contraception.
  • Addressing AUB can improve patient satisfaction and continuation rates of effective contraceptive methods.
  • Clinicians should counsel patients on potential bleeding patterns at initiation and offer appropriate management strategies.