Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Color Vision

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

Perceptual Constancy

Perceptual Constancy

Perceptual constancy is the ability to recognize that objects remain consistent and unchanged even when their appearance varies due to changes in sensory input. There are four main types of perceptual constancy: size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy, and brightness constancy.
Size constancy is the recognition that an object remains the same size, even when its image on the retina changes. For instance, a bus is perceived to be large enough to carry people, even if it looks tiny from...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Development and Clinical Validation of a Digital Eye-Tracking-Based Cover Test for Ocular Misalignment.

Ophthalmology science·2026

Same author

Outcomes of conduction system and right ventricular pacing in bradyarrhythmia indications: A systematic review and meta-analysis of propensity-score matched and randomized studies.

Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing·2026

Same author

Portable electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistor platform for enabling ultrasensitive and rapid detection of hepatitis B and C.

Biosensors & bioelectronics·2026

Same author

Fixation and saccadic performance throughout childhood in children born preterm: A multicenter eye-tracking study.

Pediatric research·2026

Same author

Efficacy of GLP-1 Receptor agonists in treating Obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiometabolic and respiratory outcomes.

Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung·2026

Same author

Intravenous Thrombolysis at Primary Stroke Centers Versus Comprehensive Stroke Centers: Analysis From the AcT Trial.

The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2025

Author Spotlight: An Automated Method for Assessing Visual Acuity in Infants and Toddlers Using an Eye-Tracking System

Author Spotlight: An Automated Method for Assessing Visual Acuity in Infants and Toddlers Using an Eye-Tracking System

Published on: March 17, 2023

Validation of a New Digital and Automated Color Perception Test.

Alvaro Fanlo-Zarazaga^1,2,3, José Ignacio Echevarría⁴, Juan Pinilla^1,2

¹Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Isabel la Católica, 3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)

|February 24, 2024

Summary

A new digital DIVE Color Test effectively detects red-green color vision deficiencies. This automated method shows high repeatability and accuracy, outperforming traditional Ishihara and Farnsworth tests.

Keywords:

DIVE Color Test Farnsworth–Munsell Ishihara color test color vision deficiency digital color test dyschromatopsia grading color perception

More Related Videos

Tomato Analyzer: A Useful Software Application to Collect Accurate and Detailed Morphological and Colorimetric Data from Two-dimensional Objects

Tomato Analyzer: A Useful Software Application to Collect Accurate and Detailed Morphological and Colorimetric Data from Two-dimensional Objects

Published on: March 16, 2010

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

Published on: February 19, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 2, 2025

Author Spotlight: An Automated Method for Assessing Visual Acuity in Infants and Toddlers Using an Eye-Tracking System

Author Spotlight: An Automated Method for Assessing Visual Acuity in Infants and Toddlers Using an Eye-Tracking System

Published on: March 17, 2023

Tomato Analyzer: A Useful Software Application to Collect Accurate and Detailed Morphological and Colorimetric Data from Two-dimensional Objects

Tomato Analyzer: A Useful Software Application to Collect Accurate and Detailed Morphological and Colorimetric Data from Two-dimensional Objects

Published on: March 16, 2010

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

Published on: February 19, 2015

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Vision Science
Medical Diagnostics

Background:

Color vision deficiencies (CVDs) are prevalent, yet current assessment methods lack ideal environmental adaptability.
Existing tools like Ishihara and Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue tests are widely used but have limitations in comprehensive assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate a novel digital and automated color vision assessment tool, the DIVE Color Test.
To compare the DIVE Color Test's performance against established methods (Ishihara, Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue) for diagnosing color vision deficiencies.

Main Methods:

One hundred patients with suspected or known color vision issues underwent testing with the DIVE Color Test, Ishihara plates, and Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test.
The DIVE Color Test's repeatability was assessed through duplicate testing in 40 participants.
Statistical analyses included Cohen's kappa for agreement and Bland-Altman analysis for repeatability.

Main Results:

The DIVE Color Test demonstrated excellent agreement with the Ishihara test (Cohen's kappa = 1.00) and strong agreement with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test (kappa = 0.81).
A high correlation (0.80) was found between the DIVE Color Test's global color score (GCS) and the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test's total error score (TES).
The DIVE Color Test exhibited high repeatability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.83) and accurately identified defect severity across protan, deutan, and tritan axes.

Conclusions:

The DIVE Color Test is a highly effective and reproducible tool for detecting red-green color vision deficiencies.
This digital method offers faster and more accurate assessment compared to conventional Ishihara and Farnsworth tests.
The DIVE Color Test provides a promising advancement for objective and efficient color vision screening in diverse settings.