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Recurrent Respiratory Infections in Children with Down Syndrome: A Review

Michele Ghezzi1, Nicolò Garancini1, Raffaella De Santis1

  • 1Pediatric Department, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy.

Children (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 24, 2024
PubMed

Insights

Recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRIs) significantly impact individuals with Down Syndrome (DS). Understanding airway malformations, comorbidities, and immune issues is key to managing these infections and improving patient outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Immunology
  • Pediatric Medicine
  • Respiratory Medicine

Background:

  • Down Syndrome (DS) is the most common viable chromosomal abnormality.
  • Recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in DS patients.
  • These infections lead to increased hospitalizations, intensive care needs, and fatality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the primary etiological factors contributing to RRIs in individuals with Down Syndrome.
  • To highlight the role of airway malformations, comorbidities, and immunologic impairments.
  • To emphasize the need for a multidisciplinary approach and preventive strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review.
  • Analysis of etiological factors for RRIs in Down Syndrome patients.
  • Focus on airway malformations, comorbidities, and immune system deficits.

Main Results:

  • Key etiological factors include airway malformations (tracheomalacia, tracheal bronchus, bronchomalacia).
  • Associated comorbidities such as congenital heart disease, dysphagia, GERD, musculoskeletal issues, and obesity exacerbate RRIs.
  • Impairments in both innate and adaptive immunity contribute significantly to infection susceptibility.

Conclusions:

  • A multidisciplinary approach is essential for managing RRIs in Down Syndrome.
  • Preventive strategies, including timely vaccinations according to national schedules, are crucial.
  • Addressing airway issues, comorbidities, and immune deficits can improve outcomes for DS patients facing RRIs.

Keywords:
Down Syndromeairway malformationschildrenrecurrent respiratory infectionsreviewtracheomalacia

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