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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
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Nephrons01:10

Nephrons

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The kidneys are intricate organs with millions of working units known as nephrons. Each nephron features two major structures: the renal corpuscle, which facilitates blood plasma filtration, and the renal tubule, which handles the glomerular filtrate. Blood supply is directly linked to the nephrons. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, a capillary network, and the Bowman's capsule, a double-walled epithelial structure that encases the glomerulus. The filtering of blood plasma...
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Kidney Structure

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The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
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The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.
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The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
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Non-Coding RNAs in Kidney Stones.

Guilin Wang1, Jun Mi1, Jiangtao Bai1

  • 1Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China.

Biomolecules
|February 24, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-coding RNAs, like microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are increasingly recognized for their role in kidney stone (nephrolithiasis) development and injury. Further research into these molecules may offer new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Keywords:
biomarkerskidney injurykidney stonesnon-coding RNAstherapeutic applications

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) is a prevalent condition with significant morbidity and high recurrence rates.
  • The precise mechanisms underlying kidney stone formation and associated renal injury are not fully understood.
  • Non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are emerging as critical regulators in kidney stone pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of non-coding RNAs in the context of nephrolithiasis.
  • To explore the potential of miRNAs and lncRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for kidney stones.
  • To discuss the therapeutic implications of non-coding RNAs, such as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), in kidney stone management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating non-coding RNAs in nephrolithiasis.
  • Analysis of miRNA and lncRNA involvement in key pathological processes of kidney stone formation.
  • Examination of the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network involving lncRNAs and miRNAs.

Main Results:

  • Numerous specific miRNAs are implicated in nephrolithiasis, affecting calcium and oxalate metabolism, oxidative stress, cell-crystal adhesion, autophagy, apoptosis, and macrophage polarization.
  • Emerging evidence supports the use of miRNAs as potential diagnostic biomarkers for kidney stones.
  • LncRNAs function as ceRNAs, modulating mRNA expression and influencing kidney stone-related physiological mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Non-coding RNAs play a significant role in the pathogenesis of nephrolithiasis and stone-related kidney injury.
  • Further investigation into miRNAs and lncRNAs offers promising avenues for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for kidney stones.
  • siRNAs represent a potential future therapeutic approach for kidney stone prevention and treatment.