Recent Developments in CaCO₃ Nano-Drug Delivery Systems: Advancing Biomedicine in Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment

Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), a natural common inorganic material with good biocompatibility, low toxicity, pH sensitivity, and low cost, has a widespread use in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. In recent years, an increasing number of CaCO₃-based nano-drug delivery systems have been developed. CaCO₃ as a drug carrier and the utilization of CaCO₃ as an efficient Ca²⁺ and CO₂ donor have played a critical role in tumor diagnosis and treatment and have been explored in increasing depth and breadth. Starting from the CaCO₃-based nano-drug delivery system, this paper systematically reviews the preparation of CaCO₃ nanoparticles and the mechanisms of CaCO₃-based therapeutic effects in the internal and external tumor environments and summarizes the latest advances in the application of CaCO₃-based nano-drug delivery systems in tumor therapy. In view of the good biocompatibility and in vivo therapeutic mechanisms, they are expected to become an advancing biomedicine in the field of tumor diagnosis and treatment.