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Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

The bm12 Inducible Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus SLE in C57BL/6 Mice
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Lupus Vasculitis.

Nauman Ismat Butt1, Fahmina Ashfaq1, Khalid Mahmood1

  • 1Department of Medicine & Allied, Azra Naheed Medical College, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan.

Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC
|February 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This case study highlights a 30-year-old woman diagnosed with Lupus Vasculitis, presenting with systemic symptoms including fever, joint pain, oral ulcers, and respiratory issues. Early diagnosis and treatment with steroids and immunosuppressants are crucial for managing this autoimmune condition.

Keywords:
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus; ANA; Cutaneous Vasculitis; Pulmonary Vasculitis

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Dermatology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with diverse clinical manifestations.
  • Lupus Vasculitis, a severe complication, involves inflammation of blood vessels, leading to multi-organ damage.
  • Early recognition and management are critical for improving patient outcomes.

Observation:

  • A 30-year-old woman presented with an 8-month history of intermittent fever, arthralgia, oral ulcers, photosensitivity, and weight loss.
  • Physical examination revealed malar hyperpigmentation, alopecia, pallor, nail dystrophy, hand/foot erythema, and characteristic punched-out skin ulcers.
  • Respiratory symptoms included dry cough and dyspnea, with Chest X-ray and HRCT showing bilateral ground-glass opacities.

Findings:

  • Serological tests were positive for Anti-Nuclear Antibody (ANA) (1:320, homogenous pattern) and highly positive for Anti-Ro antibodies.
  • Reduced serum complement levels (C3, C4) were noted, supporting an autoimmune inflammatory process.
  • Musculoskeletal examination confirmed synovitis in the elbows and metacarpophalangeal/proximal interphalangeal joints.

Implications:

  • The patient was diagnosed with Lupus Vasculitis, underscoring the importance of a comprehensive diagnostic approach.
  • Treatment initiated included corticosteroids, mycophenolate mofetil, and hydroxychloroquine, standard therapy for managing severe SLE manifestations.
  • This case emphasizes the need for heightened awareness of Lupus Vasculitis in patients presenting with complex multisystemic symptoms suggestive of SLE.