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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

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Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
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Pneumothorax-II01:27

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Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:
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Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
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In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
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Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder that predominantly affects individuals of Northern European descent, occurring at a rate of 1 in 3500. It is caused by a genetic mutation in a gene on chromosome 7, most commonly the ΔF508 mutation, that codes for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. This results in thicker mucus secretions and obstruction pathologies in multiple organs, including the lungs and sinuses.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2025

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
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Refractory Sarcoidosis.

Khalid Mahmood1, Nauman Ismat Butt1, Fahmina Ashfaq2

  • 1Department of Medicine & Allied, Azra Naheed Medical College, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan.

Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad :, JAMC
|February 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Refractory pulmonary sarcoidosis requires advanced immunosuppressive therapy. This case highlights rituximab as a potential treatment option for patients unresponsive to multiple conventional and biologic agents.

Keywords:
Sarcoidosis; Non-caseating granulomas; Rituximab; Infliximab; Mycophenolate Mofetil; Methotrexate; Azathioprine

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Sarcoidosis is a multi-organ granulomatous disease with lung involvement.
  • While often responsive to glucocorticoids, 10% of cases are refractory, necessitating immunosuppressive therapy.

Observation:

  • A 58-year-old female presented with worsening dyspnea and dry cough.
  • HRCT revealed pulmonary nodules and hilar lymphadenopathy; biopsy confirmed non-caseating granuloma.
  • The patient exhibited resistance to prednisone, azathioprine, methotrexate, infliximab, and mycophenolate mofetil.

Findings:

  • Despite multiple treatment lines, the patient's pulmonary sarcoidosis progressed.
  • Rituximab was initiated as a last-resort therapy due to treatment failure.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the challenges in managing refractory pulmonary sarcoidosis.
  • Rituximab may represent a viable therapeutic option for severe, treatment-resistant sarcoidosis.