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Seasonal patterns in trace elements assessed in toenails.

Kaitlyn M Wojcik1,2,3, Ann Von Holle2, Katie M O'Brien4

  • 1Brown School of Social Work and Public Health, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.

Environmental Advances
|February 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Seasonal variations in toenail trace elements, like iron and lead, were observed, peaking in mid-August. Adjusting for these patterns in epidemiological studies is crucial for accurate exposure assessment and health outcome analysis.

Keywords:
Measurement errorTrace Elementsbiasbiomarkersseasonal patternstoenails

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Biomarkers
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Seasonal patterns in biomarker measurements can introduce error in epidemiological studies.
  • Research on the seasonality of metals and trace elements in toenail samples is limited.
  • Accounting for seasonality can improve precision and reduce bias in exposure-health outcome models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess and describe seasonal patterns in toenail measurements of trace elements.
  • To identify specific elements exhibiting seasonal trends in toenail concentrations.
  • To inform adjustments in epidemiological models for enhanced accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized toenail clippings from the Sister Study cohort.
  • Employed trigonometric regression models to analyze seasonal patterns of 17 trace elements.
  • Compared trigonometric models against constant models to evaluate seasonal effects.

Main Results:

  • Significant seasonal trends were found for 11 elements, including iron, aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, and lead.
  • Peak concentrations for these elements occurred around mid-August.
  • Observed seasonal patterns were consistent across two independent subsamples analyzed in different laboratories.

Conclusions:

  • Seasonal patterns in toenail trace elements necessitate adjustments in epidemiological models.
  • Correcting for seasonality is important for accurate estimation of exposure-health associations.
  • The underlying reasons for elevated summer toenail concentrations remain undetermined.