Antimicrobial activity of probiotic bacteria-mediated cadmium oxide nanoparticles against fish pathogens

The current research was designed to investigate the antibacterial activity of probiotic bacteria mediated cadmium oxide nanoparticles (CdO NPs) on common fish pathogenic bacteria like Serratia marcescens, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio harveyi, and V. parahaemolyticus. CdO NPs were synthesized using probiotic bacteria as follows: Lactobacillus species with different precursor of cadmium sulfate concentrations (5, 10, and 20 mM). The average crystalline sizes of the CdO NPs were determined based on the XRD patterns using the Debye-Scherrer equation for different precursor concentrations. Specifically, sizes of 40, 48, and 67 nm were found at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 mM, respectively. The antibacterial efficacy of CdO NPs was estimated using a well diffusion assay, which demonstrated the best efficacy of 20 mM CdO NPs against all pathogens. AFM analysis of nanoparticle-treated and untreated biofilms was performed to further validate the antibacterial effect. Antibacterial activity of CdO nanoparticles synthesized at varying concentrations (5, 10, and 20 mM) against fish pathogens (S. marcescens, A. hydrophila, V. harveyi, and V. parahaemolyticus). The results indicated the highest inhibitory effect of 20 mM CdO NPs across all concentrations (30, 60, and 90 μg/mL), demonstrating significant inhibition against S. marcescens. These findings will contribute to the development of novel strategies for combating aquatic diseases and advancing aquaculture health management practices.