Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.3K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
2.3K
Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration02:36

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration

8.1K
A significant aspect of hydroboration–oxidation is the regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
Hydroboration proceeds in a concerted fashion with the attack of borane on the π bond, giving a cyclic four-centered transition state. The –BH2 group is bonded to the less substituted carbon and –H to the more substituted carbon. The concerted nature requires the simultaneous addition of –H and –BH2 across the same face of the alkene giving syn...
8.1K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.1K
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
2.1K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.0K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
2.0K
Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

8.2K
In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
8.2K
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.3K
Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
3.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cell death pathways and targeting therapeutics in cancer therapy.

Acta pharmacologica Sinica·2026
Same author

The Caspase-1-EGR4 axis regulates macrophage repolarization in acute myeloid leukemia cells.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

AAK1 activation-mediated iron trafficking drives ferroptotic cell death.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

The combined influence of chronic kidney disease and peripheral artery disease on long-term all-cause and cardio-cerebrovascular disease mortality among middle-aged and elderly individuals: A nationwide cohort study.

PloS one·2025
Same author

Comparison of the influence of 1% and 0.01% atropine on the corneal topography in myopic children.

BMC ophthalmology·2025
Same author

Dual Sacrificial Strategy Toward Tough and Recyclable CO<sub>2</sub>-Sourced Epoxy Thermosets.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2025

Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions
08:56

Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions

Published on: November 30, 2022

2.8K

Organoboron-mediated polymerizations.

Yao-Yao Zhang1,2, Guan-Wen Yang1, Chenjie Lu1,3

  • 1MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China. gpwu@zju.edu.cn.

Chemical Society Reviews
|February 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Organoboron compounds enable metal-free polymerization techniques, including radical, Lewis pair, and ionic methods. This review details their mechanisms and applications in creating diverse polymer structures like linear, block, and cyclic polymers.

More Related Videos

A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Catalytic Insertion Polymerization of Functional Norbornenes
09:08

A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Catalytic Insertion Polymerization of Functional Norbornenes

Published on: February 27, 2017

10.4K
Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
05:48

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes

Published on: November 21, 2017

8.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 2, 2025

Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions
08:56

Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions

Published on: November 30, 2022

2.8K
A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Catalytic Insertion Polymerization of Functional Norbornenes
09:08

A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Catalytic Insertion Polymerization of Functional Norbornenes

Published on: February 27, 2017

10.4K
Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
05:48

Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes

Published on: November 21, 2017

8.1K

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Organoboron compounds have emerged as versatile tools in synthesis and catalysis.
  • Their application in polymer science has expanded significantly over the last two decades.
  • This review focuses on organoboron-mediated polymerization strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review achievements in organoboron-mediated polymerizations over several decades.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms based on polymerization modes.
  • To highlight the synthesis of various polymer topologies using organoboron compounds.

Main Methods:

  • Free radical polymerization using alkylborane/O2 systems.
  • Lewis pair polymerization of polar monomers with organoboron/Lewis base combinations.
  • Ring-opening (co)polymerization catalyzed by organoboron Lewis pairs and bifunctional catalysts.
  • Polyhomologation of ylides initiated by organoboranes.

Main Results:

  • Controlled/living radical polymerization achieved via optimized alkylborane structures.
  • Lewis pair polymerization enables the synthesis of polymers from polar monomers.
  • Organoboron catalysts facilitate efficient ring-opening polymerization of cyclic monomers.
  • Polyhomologation yields functional polyethylene with diverse topologies.
  • Various polymer architectures, including linear, block, cyclic, and graft polymers, are produced.

Conclusions:

  • Organoboron compounds offer powerful, metal-free routes for diverse polymerizations.
  • Understanding these mechanisms inspires the design of advanced organoboron catalysts.
  • This work benefits the polymer chemistry and organometallic/organocatalysis communities.