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Related Concept Videos

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Hematopoiesis, or blood cell production, is a vital biological process that begins early in embryonic development and continues throughout life. This process generates the various types of cells found in blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
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Long-term outcomes in sacral agenesis.

Calum Thomson1, Amun Mahmood2, Sung Min Yun2

  • 1Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK. Calum.thomson3@nhs.net.

Child'S Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery
|February 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Sacral agenesis (SA) significantly impacts quality of life, with varying outcomes for adults and children. Spinal fusion surgery correlates with lower quality of life scores in SA patients.

Keywords:
Caudal regression syndromeFunctional outcomeQuality of lifeSacral agenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Spinal cord and neurological disorders
  • Pediatric orthopedics
  • Quality of Life research

Background:

  • Sacral agenesis (SA) encompasses a spectrum of conditions affecting function and quality of life (QoL).
  • Perinatal diagnosis necessitates early prognostic discussions for parental counseling.
  • This study gathered long-term, patient-reported outcomes from individuals with SA and their caregivers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To objectively assess the long-term quality of life (QoL) in patients with sacral agenesis (SA).
  • To compare QoL outcomes between adult and pediatric cohorts with SA.
  • To identify factors influencing QoL in individuals with SA.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of medical records for radiologically confirmed SA cases.
  • Telephone administration of QoL questionnaires (EQ-5D-5L for adults, EQ-5D-Y for <16 years).
  • Collection of data on SA severity (Renshaw grade), functional status (bladder control, mobility), employment, and living situation.

Main Results:

  • Twenty-six SA patients (mean age 23.35 years) were analyzed; 68% had spinal deformities, 70% impaired bladder control, and 80% required walking aids.
  • Adults reported a mean EQ-5D-5L index of +0.474, while the pediatric cohort (<16 years) reported +0.287.
  • Patients who underwent spinal fusion procedures showed significantly lower QoL scores (p=0.022).

Conclusions:

  • This study provides objective QoL data for individuals with SA, revealing diverse outcomes.
  • Age-related differences in QoL may indicate long-term adaptation processes.
  • Management strategies for SA should be individualized based on specific deformities and neurological deficits.