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Entropy

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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...

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Updated: Jul 2, 2025

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

Mesoscopic fluctuations in entanglement dynamics.

Lih-King Lim¹, Cunzhong Lou¹, Chushun Tian²

¹School of Physics, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.

Nature Communications

|February 27, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered emergent random structures in quantum systems, leading to unique entanglement fluctuations. These fluctuations follow universal scaling laws and have implications for quantum device control.

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Area of Science:

Many-body physics
Quantum information theory
Condensed matter physics

Background:

Fluctuation phenomena are crucial in many-body physics.
Time evolution of entanglement is key to understanding quantum matter and thermalization.
Entanglement fluctuations differ from traditional out-of-equilibrium fluctuations and are challenging to study.

Purpose of the Study:

To uncover emergent random structures in many-body wavefunction evolution.
To characterize out-of-equilibrium entanglement fluctuations in integrable lattice models.
To investigate the universality and implications of these fluctuations.

Main Methods:

Analysis of two classes of integrable lattice models (interacting and noninteracting).
Study of the time evolution of the many-body wavefunction.
Investigation of entanglement entropy variance and full distribution statistics.

Main Results:

An emergent random structure was found in wavefunction evolution.
Out-of-equilibrium entanglement fluctuations exhibit mesoscopic characteristics.
Entanglement entropy variance follows a universal scaling law.
The full distribution shows sub-Gaussian upper and sub-Gamma lower tails, independent of microscopic details and probes.

Conclusions:

Entanglement fluctuations in integrable models fall under mesoscopic fluctuation paradigms.
The observed statistics broaden the understanding of mesoscopic universalities.
Findings have practical implications for controlling entanglement in mesoscopic devices.