Exposure factors in the occurrence and development of melasma (Review)

Area of Science:

• Dermatology
• Pigmentation Disorders
• Epidemiology

Background:

• Melasma is an acquired skin condition characterized by symmetrical, yellow-brown facial patches.
• The incidence of melasma is rising annually, highlighting a growing public health concern.
• Identifying causative factors is crucial for developing targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and summarize the known and potential exposure factors that trigger melasma development.
• To provide a comprehensive overview of environmental and intrinsic factors implicated in melasma pathogenesis.
• To inform future research and clinical practice regarding melasma etiology.

Main Methods:

• Systematic literature review of studies investigating melasma triggers.
• Analysis of epidemiological data on melasma incidence and risk factors.
• Synthesis of findings from clinical and experimental research on pigmentation.

Main Results:

• Several key exposure factors, including ultraviolet radiation, hormonal influences, and certain medications, are consistently associated with melasma.
• Genetic predisposition and cosmetic product use may also play significant roles.
• The review consolidates evidence on diverse triggers, emphasizing multifactorial etiology.

Conclusions:

• Understanding the multifactorial nature of melasma, driven by various exposure factors, is essential for effective management.
• Further research into specific triggers and their interactions can lead to improved preventive measures and therapeutic options.
• This review provides a foundation for targeted strategies to combat the increasing prevalence of melasma.