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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Homogeneous crystal nucleation is crucial for materials manufacturing.
  • Liquid-state manufacturing of organic electronics involves far-out-of-equilibrium conditions.
  • Solvent evaporation can induce solute precipitation and nucleation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To theoretically investigate homogeneous crystal nucleation under solvent evaporation.
  • To model the far-out-of-equilibrium conditions relevant to organic electronics manufacturing.
  • To derive an analytical expression for nucleation flux.

Main Methods:

  • Classical nucleation theory was employed.
  • Kinetic master equations were solved using Laplace transforms and singular perturbation theory.
  • Analytical results were compared with numerical evaluations.

Main Results:

  • Nucleation flux exhibits a lag compared to the quasi-steady-state approximation.
  • The lag time is influenced by counteracting effects of evaporation rate.
  • A generalized induction time decreases with increasing evaporation rate.

Conclusions:

  • Solvent evaporation significantly impacts nucleation dynamics.
  • The derived analytical theory accurately describes nucleation flux under transient conditions.
  • The findings provide insights into controlling crystallization during manufacturing processes.