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Updated: Jul 2, 2025

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease
Published on: October 13, 2016
[Prevention of dementia]
Walter M Schippinger1, Gerald Pichler2
1Abteilung für Innere Medizin, Albert-Schweitzer-Klinik, Geriatrische Gesundheitszentren der Stadt Graz, Albert-Schweitzer-Gasse 36, 8020, Graz, Österreich. walter.schippinger@stadt.graz.at.
Abstract:
With increasing life expectancy, the prevalence of dementia is increasing worldwide. Dementia is among the greatest challenges for healthcare and social systems of the future. Approximately 40% of newly diagnosed cases of dementia are associated with risk factors that can potentially be influenced by preventive measures. Based on the evidence from longitudinal studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, the Lancet commission on dementia prevention, intervention and care has defined 12 risk factors that are associated with an increased risk for dementia: low level of education, hearing impairment, traumatic brain injury, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, depression, obesity, social isolation, and air pollution.
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