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Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2025

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
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Exploring the role of working memory gate opening process in creativity: An ERP study using the reference-back

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  • 1Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.

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Summary

Working memory

Keywords:
Divergent/convergent thinkingERPGate openingReference-back paradigmWorking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Working memory's gate opening process is crucial for cognitive flexibility.
  • Dopamine's role in cognitive flexibility and working memory is well-established.
  • Divergent thinking (DT) relies on cognitive flexibility, while convergent thinking (CT) relies on focused processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between working memory gate opening and individual differences in divergent thinking (DT) and convergent thinking (CT).
  • To explore how neural mechanisms underlying working memory gate opening differ between individuals with high and low DT and CT abilities.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the reference-back paradigm to assess working memory gate opening costs.
  • Measured event-related potentials (ERPs) and reaction times in participants with varying DT and CT levels.
  • Analyzed neural patterns across different time windows (P1, N1, P2, P3) associated with gate opening.

Main Results:

  • No significant behavioral differences in gate opening costs were observed between groups.
  • Distinct neural patterns emerged: early gate opening effects (P1, N1) were influenced by DT levels, particularly in the lower DT group.
  • A gate opening effect was observed in the P2 component only in the higher DT group, suggesting differential neural processing related to DT proficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Individuals with lower DT and higher CT abilities exhibit earlier prefrontal cortex activation during working memory gate opening.
  • This earlier activation may facilitate idea generation by making more information available for associations.
  • The findings highlight distinct neural strategies in working memory gate opening related to individual differences in creative thinking abilities.