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Related Concept Videos

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A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are...
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During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the...
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Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2025

Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood
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Irritability in Youths: A Critical Integrative Review.

Ellen Leibenluft1, Laura E Allen1, Robert R Althoff1

  • 1Emotion and Development Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Leibenluft, Brotman, Kircanski, Malone, Pine); Faculty of Brain Sciences, Division of Psychiatry and Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London (Allen, Stringaris); Departments of Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington (Althoff); Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs (Burke); Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (Carlson), Department of Psychology (Klein, Silver), and Department of Psychiatry (Klein), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Mass. (Dickstein); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park (Dougherty); Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla. (Evans); Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Mazefsky); Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (Nigg); Department of Psychology, Washington University at St. Louis, St. Louis (Perlman); Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York (Roy); Child Mind Institute, New York (Salum); Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health, Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom (Shakeshaft, Thapar); Division of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver (Stoddard); Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Tseng); Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain (Vidal-Ribas); Department of Medical Social Sciences, Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Chicago (Wakschlag); First Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and Aiginiteion Hospital, Athens, Greece (Stringaris).

The American Journal of Psychiatry
|February 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Youth irritability, a common issue, is linked to significant impairment and future mental health risks. Research highlights its developmental pathways, genetic links, and the need for better assessment and targeted interventions.

Keywords:
AngerChild and Adolescent PsychiatryDepressive DisordersDevelopmentDisruptive Mood Dysregulation DisorderFrustration

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Area of Science:

  • Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Behavioral Neuroscience

Background:

  • Irritability is a prevalent condition in youth, characterized by anger proneness that can impair functioning.
  • Recent research has surged, necessitating an integration of current clinical and translational findings.
  • Existing assessment tools are available, but informant effects (variations based on who reports symptoms) are significant and require careful consideration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and integrate the latest clinical and translational research on youth irritability.
  • To identify research gaps and provide suggestions for future research directions.
  • To discuss the assessment, developmental trajectories, genetic underpinnings, and treatment of irritability in young individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Combined systematic and narrative review approaches.
  • Integration of clinical and translational research findings.
  • Analysis of developmental trajectories, genetic associations, and treatment efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Irritability is highly prevalent in youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and mood/anxiety disorders.
  • Irritability is associated with functional impairment and increased suicidality risk, independent of other diagnoses.
  • Developmental trajectories of irritability are identifiable, beginning early in life and predicting later adverse outcomes, including anxiety, depression, behavioral problems, and suicidality.

Conclusions:

  • Routine assessment of youth irritability is recommended, utilizing available tools while acknowledging informant effects.
  • Aberrant responses to frustration and threat are central to irritability's pathophysiology, offering translational research opportunities.
  • Further research is needed on large, diverse longitudinal samples, cultural contexts, and mechanism-informed interventions for irritability.