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  1. Home
  3. Occurrence And Risk Assessment Of Glycidyl And 3-monochloropropanediol Esters In Infant Formulas Marketed In Taiwan.
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  3. Occurrence And Risk Assessment Of Glycidyl And 3-monochloropropanediol Esters In Infant Formulas Marketed In Taiwan.

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Occurrence and risk assessment of glycidyl and 3-monochloropropanediol esters in infant formulas marketed in Taiwan.

Chen Liu1, Shang-Ta Wang2,3, Choon-Hui Tan4

  • 1Master Program in Food Safety, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, ROC.

Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment
|February 29, 2024

View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Taiwanese infant formula contains glycidyl esters (GEs) and 3-monochloropropanediol esters (3-MCPDEs) within EU limits. Palm oil increases 3-MCPDEs, while European products show lower contaminant levels, indicating effective risk reduction strategies.

Keywords:
EU regulationProcessing contaminantTFDAmargin of exposurepalm oiltolerable daily intake

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Area of Science:

  • Food safety and toxicology
  • Chemical contaminants in food
  • Infant nutrition

Background:

  • Glycidyl esters (GEs) and 3-monochloropropanediol esters (3-MCPDEs) are common process contaminants in refined edible oils used in infant formula.
  • Taiwan implemented regulations for GEs in infant formula effective July 2021.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the levels of GEs and 3-MCPDEs in infant formula powder in Taiwan.
  • To assess infant exposure risks associated with these contaminants.
  • To analyze trends in risk assessment over the past decade.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 45 infant formula products sampled between 2020-2021.
  • Quantification of GEs and 3-MCPDEs in infant formula powder and extracted oils.
  • Comparison of contaminant levels across different brands, origins (Europe vs. Australia/New Zealand), and ingredients (palm oil vs. no palm oil).
  • Calculation of margin of exposure (MoE) and comparison with tolerable daily intake (TDI) for infants.

    • Main Results:

    • GEs and 3-MCPDEs levels varied significantly by brand but complied with EU regulations in all samples.
    • Infant formulas containing palm oil showed significantly higher 3-MCPDE levels.
    • European-sourced formulas had significantly lower GEs and 3-MCPDEs concentrations than those from Australia and New Zealand.
    • While mean infant exposure to 3-MCPDEs was below TDI, P95 exposure exceeded it by 1.7-fold.

    Conclusions:

    • Regulatory implementation and mitigation strategies have effectively reduced infant exposure risks to GEs and 3-MCPDEs in infant formula.
    • Palm oil is a significant source of 3-MCPDEs in infant formula.
    • Continued monitoring and adherence to regulations are crucial for ensuring infant safety.