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Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Active versus Passive Immunity01:31

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Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Updated: Jul 1, 2025

Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique
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Immune persistence after different polio sequential immunization schedules in Chinese infants.

Ting Zhao1, Jing Li1, Teng Huang2

  • 1Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.

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|February 29, 2024
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Summary

The inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bOPV) strategy shows waning immunity for poliovirus type 2. The IPV-IPV-tOPV schedule maintained high antibody levels for all poliovirus types.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Global polio eradication efforts transitioned from trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (tOPV) to inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and bivalent OPV (bOPV) in 2016.
  • Limited data exist on the long-term immune persistence of current sequential polio vaccination schedules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the immune persistence of different sequential inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bOPV) immunization schedules.
  • To assess poliovirus-specific antibody titers and positive rates over time in children.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of serum samples from 1104 participants in phase III clinical trials at 24, 36, and 48 months of age.
  • Determination of serum neutralizing antibody titers against poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3.
  • Evaluation of poliovirus-specific antibody-positive rates for different sequential immunization regimens.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in poliovirus types 1 and 3 antibody-positive rates were observed across groups at 24, 36, or 48 months.
  • The IPV-IPV-tOPV schedule demonstrated nearly 100% poliovirus type 2 antibody-positive rates, significantly higher than other groups.
  • Schedules with one or two IPV doses followed by bOPV showed reduced persistence of poliovirus type 2-specific antibodies.

Conclusions:

  • Sequential IPV and bOPV schedules may not adequately maintain long-term immunity against poliovirus type 2.
  • The IPV-IPV-tOPV schedule appears superior in maintaining humoral immunity across all three poliovirus serotypes.
  • Further research is needed to optimize polio vaccination strategies for sustained population immunity.