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Updated: Jul 1, 2025

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Associations Between Physical Characteristics and Golf Clubhead Speed: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

Alex Brennan1, Andrew Murray2,3,4, Margo Mountjoy5,6,7

  • 1Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK.

Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This meta-analysis found that golf clubhead speed (CHS) is significantly associated with various physical characteristics, particularly jump impulse and upper body explosive strength. Flexibility and balance showed no significant association with CHS.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Biomechanics
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Golf's historical lack of focus on fitness testing and physical training.
  • Growing recognition of the importance of physical fitness for golf performance, specifically clubhead speed (CHS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a meta-analysis examining the associations between clubhead speed (CHS) and various physical characteristics in golfers.
  • To identify key physical attributes that correlate with enhanced driving performance in golf.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search across Medline, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, and PubMed databases.
  • Inclusion of peer-reviewed studies assessing physical characteristics and their association with CHS in injury-free golfers.
  • Meta-analysis using a random effects model with z-transformed r values to pool effect sizes.

Main Results:

  • Significant positive associations found between CHS and lower body strength, upper body strength, jump displacement, jump impulse, jumping peak power, upper body explosive strength, anthropometry, and muscle capacity.
  • Jump impulse (zr=0.82) and upper body explosive strength (zr=0.67) demonstrated the strongest associations with CHS.
  • No significant associations were found between CHS and flexibility or balance.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple physical characteristics are significantly associated with golf clubhead speed (CHS).
  • Jump impulse and upper body explosive strength are key physical attributes for maximizing CHS.
  • Practitioners should prioritize fitness assessments focusing on strength, power, and jump performance for golfers.