Individualized estimation of arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure using machine learning in children receiving...

Measuring arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂) is crucial for proper mechanical ventilation, but the current sampling method is invasive. End-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO₂) has been used as a surrogate, which can be measured non-invasively, but its limited accuracy is due to ventilation-perfusion mismatch. This study aimed to develop a non-invasive PaCO₂ estimation model using machine learning.

This retrospective observational study included pediatric patients (< 18 years) admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary children's hospital and received mechanical ventilation between January 2021 and June 2022. Clinical information, including mechanical ventilation parameters and laboratory test results, was used for machine learning. Linear regression, multilayer perceptron, and extreme gradient boosting were implemented. The dataset was divided into 7:3 ratios for training and testing. Model performance was assessed using the R² value.

We analyzed total 2,427 measurements from 32 patients. The median (interquartile range) age was 16 (12-19.5) months, and 74.1% were female. The PaCO2 and EtCO2 were 63 (50-83) mmHg and 43 (35-54) mmHg, respectively. A significant discrepancy of 19 (12-31) mmHg existed between EtCO₂ and the measured PaCO₂. The R² coefficient of determination for the developed models was 0.799 for the linear regression model, 0.851 for the multilayer perceptron model, and 0.877 for the extreme gradient boosting model. The correlations with PaCO₂ were higher in all three models compared to EtCO₂.

We developed machine learning models to non-invasively estimate PaCO₂ in pediatric patients receiving mechanical ventilation, demonstrating acceptable performance. Further research is needed to improve reliability and external validation.